Ethics of Liberty, Chapter 3: Natural Law versus Positive Law

This is a short chapter with a lot of references. The takeaway is that natural law is the only way we can judge positive law. Positive law is that law that is posited by certain parties to be law. Typically, these are the laws of nations; the nation’s rulers position some principle as a law, therefore it is a law. 自由の倫理の第三章は複数の参考を持った短い章だ。知られるのは自然法だけが実定法を断じれる。実定法はある人が立てる法則だ。国の法則は一例だ。国の支配階級が原則を法則として立つから法則である。
In short, somebody says something is a law, and it’s a law because they say so. For being no justification at all, it’s surprisingly popular. Yet, it could happen that, by willful design of right-thinking statesmen, by pragmatic appeasement for a skeptical citizenry, or by sheer happenstance, some positive laws could be good (or at least less bad than other laws). で、あるものが[法則だ]と言って、あのものが言ったとおり法則になる。正当性がないが、よく使われる。だけども、良い政治家の務めでか、懐疑的な国民をなだめる為にか、又は偶然にかそれぞれな実定法の一部が良い法則(少なくとも別の法則より悪くない)であるかもしれない。
How do you tell if any given positive law is a good law or not? You need an external set of principles for that (internal review mechanisms are, by their nature, not up to the task): natural law. Natural law gives us a framework for assessing positive laws. Natural law has the further benefit of being consistent, fixed and unchanging, applicable at all times and at all places, subject only to our imperfect apprehension of it. Positive laws are changed all the time; if those in power will it, anything that is lawful today may be unlawful tomorrow, and vice versa. 法則を見れば、どうやっていいか悪いか決められる?外の原則(内側の検討仕組みは性質で出来ない)に頼って:自然法。自然法が実定法を判断する位置を立つ。それに、一貫な、固定した、変わりのない、いつでもどこでも応用する原則である。実定法がいつも変わっている。支配階級が欲すれば、今日の合法のことが明日の違法になる、そして逆もある。
Only natural law can give us fixity, and only it can give us a vantage from which we can judge positive law. Without it, criticisms of positive law are no better than the justification for it. 自然法だけが確定性を贈れる。その視座だけから実定法を判断できる。それが無いと実定法への批正が実定法の正当化よりよくはない。
Rothbard’s many references highlight the importance of this position. Rothbard didn’t come up with it, after all. He quotes Lord Acton (himself speaking of still earlier pioneers of natural law), who observed that the rise of natural law left the politicians of the time aghast, for they had never dealt with external judgment of this sort. Their questions for assessing the rightness of their laws boiled down to, “Can I? And, can I get away with it?” In other words, it was a question of power and expediency. Enter the fray natural law, and it is a question of neither of these, but a question of justice and injustice. ロスバードの参考が重要さを強調する。ロスバードから始めたものではないから、数百年の歴史で鋭い意見が山ほどある。自分より先の自然法の誕生が過去の政治屋の愕然を述べたアクトン卿(Lord Acton)をも引用する。その政治屋がそんな外の判断と合わせたことは無かった。それまで、法則の正当化の問題は「できるか・ただで済むか」。つまり、力と都合の問題だった。自然法の参上で、それじゃなく「正か・不正か」の質問になる。
They were right to be aghast. I should like for modern politicians to feel the same. 愕然したのは当然だった。現在の政治屋もその愕然を感じれば良いと、拙者が思う。

About Brian Wilton

I'm a libertarian. I prefer reading articles and books to listening to podcasts, although I hear that podcasts are more popular. Call it Picard's Syndrome.
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